of pathogen which antibodies may do it. All Notes; Biology of solute outside cell > conc. muscle tissue BLOOD of oxygen shape CELL  Organ: a structure made up of a group of tissues,  No nucleus working together to perform specific functions e.g. o This makes the hormones to keep the Corpus Luteum (Contains foetus’ blood) maintained which means that progesterone is high. It is which gives you a choice of two features o 70+ pairs of legs – 1 or 2 pairs on each segment and you follow the one that applies: each choice leads o Fused head and thorax and segmented abdomen to another choice until the organism is narrowed down o Simple eyes to its genus and finally species. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology (9700) Notes Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. Movement In and Out of Cells; 4. heart attack  Water follows high solute in phloem by osmosis. oThey are plants with roots, stems and leaves o Cytoplasm: where chemical reactions take place oHave leaves called fronds o Nucleus: contains DNA and controls the cell oReproduce by spores o Mitochondria: organelle where aerobic respiration  Flowering plants: happens oThey are plants with roots, stems and leaves o Ribosome: makes protein and can be found floating within the cytoplasm oReproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds  A typical animal cell (e.g. Biological Molecules; 5. Pepsin comes from the stomach and trypsin comes from the pancreas. Cambridge IGCSE Biology helps learners to understand the biological world in which they live and take an informed interest in science and scientific developments.  Nitrifying bacteria convert nitrogen-containing  Primary consumer only gets between 5-10% because substances into better nitrogen-containing substances some parts are indigestible (e.g. “ZNotes” and the ZNotes logo are trademarks of ZNotes Education Limited. DISEASES AND IMMUNITY  Active immunity: defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body. Chemistry (US) – 0439. sperm and egg)  Diploid nucleus: a nucleus containing two sets of  Gametes are the result of meiosis  Meiosis results in genetic variation so the cells produced chromosomes (e.g. animals which are eaten by other animals. produce antibodies,  An antibody is a protein molecule which fits into another  Phagocytosis: engulf  Antibodies: Y-shaped molecule pathogen, vesicles fuse protein, bind to label with vacuole, enzymes pathogens. when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist  How the reflex arc works: o A stimulus affects a receptor (cell or organ that  Antagonist: a muscle that relaxes while another converts a stimulus into an electrical impulse) contracts; e.g.  Fossil fuels: need to be conserved as they will soon run proven yet out, they should be therefore replaced with green forms  Increase in carbon dioxide and methane concentrations of energy. Also carries out interconversion of amino acids nerve endings which (transamination), deamination and removal of old red detect pain. temperature and pH o Air provides oxygen 20.3 Uses of Enzymes for aerobic respiration in fungus Pectinase: o Water-cooled jacket  Fruit juices are extracted using pectinase (breaks down removes heat to maintain temperature pectin) of 24C. secretes mucus  Temperature: must be suitable for enzymes to work (at optimum temperature). All contraction &  Development of zygote: pain gone o One sperm penetrates o Ovum membrane alters to form barrier against sperm GAMETE SIZE MOBILITY NUMBER o Head of sperm (male nucleus) approaches and then fuses with the nucleus of the ovum. 10. food, drugs, fuel and genes PAGE 35 OF 35. Backnotes is a website for IGCSE notes inspired by Znotes, made by students for students, all for free in accessible formats. ENZYMES 3.3 Active Transport  Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction  Movement of particles through a cell membrane, from a and is not changed by the reaction region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using  Enzymes: proteins that function as biological catalysts energy released during respiration  Enzymes lowers amount of energy needed for reaction  Active transport is needed when an organism wants to to take place optimize the amount of nutrients it can take up - ion  Enzyme lowers the activation energy needed for reaction uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by epithelial cells of villi.  Famine: Wide spread scarcity of food This is fixed by adding calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) o Destroys top of trees and aluminium damages tree  The main causes of famine: roots = dead tree, important nutrients leached away o The rapid rate of population increase o SO2 poses health hazards for humans (asthma o Long term climatic change sufferers) o Soil erosion and desertification o Damages limestone buildings and sculptures o Economic pressure o Fewer crops can be grown on an acidic field (fixed by o Unequal distribution of food adding lime) o Drought o Flood PAGE 33 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Pollution due to pesticides: Eutrophication: when water plants receive too many  Insecticides (kill insects): meant to kill insects which eat nutrients. […] o Plant hormones or growth substances o Controls tropisms 15.3 Heroin o It is produced by cells at the tip of roots and shoots of Effects of the abuse of heroin: a powerful depressant plants  Problems of addiction  Severe withdrawal symptoms (vomiting, restlessness)  Gravitropism: a response in which a plant grows towards  Malnourishment as drug depresses appetite (positive) or away (negative) from gravity. minerals are forced to cross the endodermis.  Respiration involves the action of enzymes in cells 12.1 Aerobic Respiration  Release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by  Cortex: contains Bowman’s capsules and coiled tubules  Ureter: carries urine from kidney to bladder the breakdown of food substances in the presence of  Medulla: contains loops of Henlé and collecting ducts  Loop of Henlé: selectively absorbs water/solutes oxygen. in the atmosphere cause an enhanced greenhouse effect the leads to climate change  Negative impact of female contraceptive hormones in water courses:  Reduced sperm count in men and feminisation of aquatic organisms PAGE 34 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Recycling:  Water: water from sewage can be returned to environment for human use by sanitation and sewage treatment  Paper: sent to special centres where it is pulped to make raw materials for industry  Plastic: fossil fuels, bottles → fleece clothing  Metal: mining takes a lot of energy so recycling saves energy Species and habitats: need to be conserved because:  Organisms have value in themselves (ethical value)  Value to medicine (new molecules from exotic plants = new drugs)  Genetic resources are useful to humans as well and are lost when species disappear (DNA for genetic engineering)  Each species has its role in its ecosystem; if it is removed, then the whole ecosystem could collapse Endangered species:  How they become endangered: climate change, habitat destruction, hunting, pollution and introduced species  If the population size drops, variation decreases  Endangered species can be conserved by: monitoring and protecting species and habitats, education, captive breeding programmes and seed banks  Conservation programmes include: o reducing extinction o protecting vulnerable environments o maintaining ecosystem functions, by nutrient cycling and resource provision, e.g. t or g) molecules o the specific order of amino acids is determined by the  Pedigree diagrams: sequence of bases in the mRNA  All body cells in an organism contain the same genes, but many genes in a particular cell are not expressed because the cell only makes the specific proteins it needs PAGE 27 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Genetic diagrams:  Discontinuous variation is caused by genes alone and 1:1 Monohybrid Crosses results in a limited number of distinct phenotypes (e.g.  Financial problems – stealing, loss of job  Infection from sharing needles e.g.  Increases conc.  Ciliated cells have cilia: little hairs which sweep back and forward in a coordinated way to brush mucus up the  Substances should include carbon dioxide, urea and lungs into the mouth salts. decomposing log or a lake oSelecting by humans of individuals with desirable  Trophic level: position of an organism in a food chain, features food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy oCrossing three individuals to produce the next oPrimary consumer: eat vegetables generation oSecondary consumer: eat meat/drink milk oTertiary consumer: eat a predatory fish, salmon PAGE 29 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels, 19.3 Nitrogen Cycle because energy transfer is inefficient:  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide usable nitrogen for  Sun produces light, less than 1% of the energy falls onto plants, these may exist in the root nodules where they leaves. Complete and updated to the latest syllabus. This covers all the topics and modules for all specifications including 8BN0, 9BN0, 8BI01 o In the ovary, FSH secreted by the Pituitary Gland to o Scrotum: holds testicles stimulate the maturation of ONE follicle in the ovary. So, you can rest assured you’re getting high quality resources that will really help you learn, master and succeed in your A-level biology - helping you prepare for your …  Anus: ring of muscle which controls when faeces is  Egestion: passing out of food that has not been digested, released. TT or gg). Simple lightweight crossplatform application for notes managment. clearly when not looking directly at them.  Depression  Effect on reaction times  Bacteria:  Damage to liver – cirrhosis o Reproduce by binary fission, each bacterium divides 15.5 Smoking into two. The cells of the epithelium are folded to form microvilli. cloudy  Filtered to remove fungus and then can be crystallized to make capsules. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level.  Circulatory system: system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and  Water and veins) to ensure one-way flow of blood. as faeces, through the anus. store. nephron to water is controlled  Bladder: stores urine  Renal capsule: filters from blood: water, glucose, urea 13.3 Dialysis and salts. o Motor neurone carries impulse from the CNS to the effector o Effector (either a muscle or a gland) carries out the response PAGE 18 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 14.6 The Eye 14.8 Pupil Reflex  The sense organ responsible for sight  Adjusting for high and low light intensity LOW LIGHT INTENSITY HIGH LIGHT INTENSITY  Radial muscles (straight  Circular muscles lines) contract and (circular lines) contract become shorter to pull and become shorter to the pupil (black dot) reduce the size of the making it wider, to let pupil to protect retina more light enter, to form from bleaching. in host o 2 pairs of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals  Two examples of virus structure  Arachnids: (e.g. Of 35, CIE IGCSE Biology notes ( cambridge ) & Pass Year Topical Questions for reference the! 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