Nixon Nombre del tema: FOTOPROTECCION SOLAR El -caroteno se incrementó a estrés severo, sugiriendo un aumento de las defensas antioxidantes. However, it also dissipates PSII excitation energy and electrons in PSI.   Cinnoxate is a less common choice. [citation needed]. Este ensayo mide la respuesta SOS . The absorption of light can often be described using relatively simple means, where leaves behave as randomly distributed elements in space.   Müller   ¿Qué es la piel? The amount and proportion of photosynthetic components are typically altered on a timescale of days to match the prevailing light intensity in a process that is termed photoacclimation. O   (, Murchie Porter In fact, these regulatory mechanisms are tightly integrated with photosynthesis itself, and there is emerging evidence that when these processes are altered, the ability of plants to assimilate carbon over long time periods and to produce biomass may be affected.   Mutants lacking PsbS are specifically defective in qE, are more sensitive to photoinhibition (Li et al., 2002), and show decreased fitness (measured as seed yield) under fluctuating light conditions in the field or in the laboratory (Külheim et al., 2002; Krah and Logan, 2010).   Abstract and Figures. Robert Review the benefits of using sunscreens and photoprotection to block UV rays. Rasgos xeromórficos y el ajuste osmótico de brácteas y aristas estaría relacionado a la 'tolerancia' de la espiga a la sequía. Measurements of the water-water cycle have shown that it is particularly active during stresses such as drought and the transition from darkness to light, before CO2 induction occurs, and when the electron transport chain has the potential to become highly reduced. T G It decreases UVA transmission more than UVB. XP However, without more information on the role of cyclic in a wider range of physiological environments and its impact on growth and development, it is unclear which components would need to be altered.   WW Baginsky Son pigmentos liposolubles presentes en plantas, algas, algunas bacterias y animales. [4], UV radiation greatly affects the skin, causing aging, sunburns, precancerous and cancerous lesions, and immunosuppression.     Meneses Photoprotection is indicated for the reduction of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage and skin cancers. [4] There are three types of UV radiation: UVC, UVB, and UVA. M This work was supported by grants from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council to E.H.M. Asimismo se observó una mayor cantidad de hijuelos por planta, pero la relación biomasa de vástago/raíz fue menor. Kress Elrad C Second, it has a photoprotective role, increasing qE via ƊpH alterations.   Melanin is such an efficient photoprotective substance that it dissipates more than 99.9% of the absorbed UV radiation as heat. Photoreceptors in mosses, phytochromes (red wavelengths) and phototropins (blue wavelengths), assist in the regulation of pigmentation. (, Li It seems possible to manipulate the kinetics of NPQ by altering the XC. XG (, Bailey It is relevant to include the mechanism of CO2 assimilation itself. K   The reflective properties determine the effectiveness of the sunscreens.   Los suplementos orales con propiedades fotoprotectoras son sobre todo sustancias con efecto antioxidante. MJ Enlace copiado al portapapeles .   If the energy of the UV photon were not transformed into heat, then it would lead to the generation of free radicals or other harmful reactive chemical species (e.g. [5] Other FDA-listed benzophenones include sulisobenzone and dioxybenzone. [6] UVB causes sunburn and DNA strand breaks. FOTOPROTECCION All specimens were then grown and observed in a lab setting under constant light and water conditions to assess photosynthesis, UVAC and pigmentation production. 1B) that requires repair of photooxidative damage, in contrast with flexible photoprotective responses that have a duration of a few minutes. Emplea Fotoprotección tópica. Se ha demostrado que la aceleración por bioingeniería de la relajación de la NPQ aumenta la eficiencia fotosintética y la biomasa en plantas de tabaco cultivadas en el campo.   Pascal For most individuals, healthcare providers are not the primary source of information for sun protection measures. AR Jansson If oral steroids are ineffective, immunosuppressants such as oral cyclosporine, methotrexate, or mycophenolate mofetil a. Pinto   ISDIN, laboratorio líder en dermatología y f⁰otoprotección, ha elaborado la tercera edición del Estudio ISDIN sobre hábitos de fotoprotección en Chile. A number of other reactions within the chloroplast can act as photochemical sinks for excess electrons. KK Iron oxide can be an additive to increase absorption and improve UVA protection. [Updated 2022 Aug 25]. [16], Osmolytes are small molecules that stabilize the cell in stressful conditions by regulating hydration. Dada la importancia de los fotoprotectores, revisaremos conceptos . There is evidence that some crop plants may be impaired in some aspects of photoacclimation, and this area is in need of further work to identify factors that might be altered to improve photosynthesis (Murchie et al., 2009). Fotoprotección. Wentworth E   λ = 10nm 500 nm longitud de onda energía The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Al Servei de Microscopía Electrónica (UB), muy especialmente a Nuria Cortadellas y a Almudena por su trabajo y asesoramiento en el procesamiento de las muestras. .      Triantaphylides     To best protect themselves from excess light, plants employ a multitude of methods to minimize harm inflicted by excess light. [8], With photoallergy and phototoxicity, UVA radiation is usually a requirement to precipitate the reaction. Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign/Lancaster University When photosynthetic antenna pigments such as chlorophyll are excited by light absorption, unproductive reactions may occur by charge transfer to molecules with unpaired electrons.   LX P FarmaQuímica Sur, orgulloso patrocinador de la cantera de Unicaja Baloncesto. Photoinhibition is a term that is often used to refer to a light-induced decrease in ΦCO 2 and/or A max. (, Sun MP (e) La producción del cultivar Graphic fue mayor que la de Kym en todas las condiciones, con más espigas por unidad de superficie, lo cual podría ser atribuido a mayor crecimiento potencial durante el ahijamiento. Es el complemento idóneo a las cremas solares ya que proporciona una protección más completa y profunda mientras disfrutamos del sol. Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. La fotoinhibición, definida como la inhibición de la . (, Hieber The osmolyte taurine protects against ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression. UV absorbers such as octocrylene, benzophenones, salicylates, camphor derivatives, and micronized zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are used in combination to increase photostability. Because photoprotection and photoinhibition processes can give similar symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish them. Yamamoto Bassi Webster Radio   [5], Hats are a variable form of photoprotection dependent on the brim width, material, and weaving. La tasa fotosintética fue menor en Graphic., así como el rendimiento cuántico del PSII, sugiriendo que mecanismos distintos a la estructura foliar contribuyeron la mayor capacidad fotosintética de Kym. Finazzi Leaf angle in crop plants specifically in relation to photoprotection is an area deserving more attention. Y Burke KE, Clive J, Combs GF, Commisso J, Keen CL, Nakamura RM. Photoacclimation may have an impact on growth and development. Carrera de Ingeniería En Prevención De Riesgos Calidad Y Ambiente Terry Copiapó, Chile ( La luz es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, pero en alta intensidad, puede hacerse nociva. (, Okegawa   Photoprotection is indicated for the reduction of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage and skin cancers. stomatal closure or Rubisco inactivation at high temperature. Photoinhibition is a term that is often used to refer to a light-induced decrease in ΦCO2 and/or A  max. In DNA this photoprotective mechanism evolved four billion years ago at the dawn of life. The XC is a reversible interconversion of zeaxanthin and violaxanthin that is directly linked to the energization of the thylakoid membrane during the induction of photosynthesis in the light. In response to excess light, some photoreceptors have the ability to shift chloroplasts within the cell farther from the light source thus decreasing the harm done by superfluous light. Takayama   C Photosynthetic acclimation: Does the dynamic structure and macro-organisation of photosystem II in higher plant grana membranes regulate light harvesting states? [3], Broad-spectrum sunscreens include methylene-bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) and bis- ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT).     Utilizamos cookies para optimizar nuestro sitio web y nuestro servicio. 3. In a striking example using the shade-adapted woodland floor dweller Oxalis oregana, it was shown that the metabolic costs of high light avoidance movements by leaves during sunflecks were low compared to the repair costs of photodamage if the leaf did not move (Powles and Björkman, 1981; Raven, 1994). Plants exposed to high light intensity coupled with water deficits displayed a significantly inhibited photoprotection response. University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Thus, avoiding photoinhibition provided a clear carbon-gain advantage in a severely light-limited habitat. Halpern AC, Kopp LJ. En particular, quiero agradecer a su director, Ricardo Simmoneau. As a result, clinicians rarely use them. Under conditions that result in rapid plant growth, rapidly relaxing qE is usually the major component of NPQ, but there are situations when qZ and qI become more prominent. (c) En los tilacoides de plantas estresadas aumentó el daño oxidativo, asociado con una sustancial caída en el transporte electrónico fotosintético. Impairments arise in suboptimal or stressful conditions, such as low or high temperatures. Its biochemical function is still unknown. Usted puede ayudar a mejorar. Johnson First, it has long been known that the development of qE is associated with the accumulation of the xanthophyll cycle (XC) carotenoid zeaxanthin (Demmig-Adams, 1990). Horton Internal conversion is a photochemical process that converts the energy of the UV photon into small, harmless amounts of heat. B La fotoprotección sistémica tendría la ventaja de proteger la totalidad de la piel y no está sujeta a la forma de aplicación, la eliminación por el agua o el sudor, o la reaplicación. La mejora de la fotosíntesis en los cultivos alimentarios se ha sugerido como una forma sostenible de aumentar el rendimiento de las cosechas y mitigar la inminente escasez mundial de alimentos sin tener que dedicar más tierras a la producción agrícola. A second component, recently named qZ (Nilkens et al., 2010), is induced and reversed on a slower timescale of tens of minutes, correlated with the synthesis and disappearance of zeaxanthin. Electrons derived from water splitting ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH, and the transmembrane ƊpH is used to drive ATP generation by the chloroplastic ATP synthase. JF However, some flexible photoprotective processes will also unavoidably reduce ΦCO 2 and F v / F m, resulting in symptoms of moderate photoinhibition ( Fig. Polifenoles y fotoprotección cutánea. Accelerating the recovery of NPQ could therefore enhance canopy photosynthesis considerably. durum cv. A different LHC protein, called LHCSR, was recently found to be necessary for qE in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Peers et al., 2009). scipak@aaas.org, Allie Arp In a 90-day study with BP-3, fertility was affected in male mice. D However, light intensity and spectral quality are highly variable in space and time according to time of day, season, geography, climate, and the position of leaf within canopy and cell within leaf. Ruban Photosynthesis begins with the absorption of light by chlorophyll, much of which is located in the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) of PSII and PSI within the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. [9] When combined with other UV absorbers, it can increase the SPF formula. (, Peers La primera norma para protegerte del sol, sin duda es el uso de un fotoprotector tópico. ML In animal studies, it prevented UVA-induced photoaging. [8] A thick coating increases the degree of reflection but is cosmetically less appealing. Due to a steady rise in global temperatures in recent years, many plants have become more susceptible to light damage. Why? S Se analiza aquí la respuesta de fotoprotección de plantas de trigo duro (Triticum turgidum var. Two salicylates that are FDA listed are homosalate and octisalate. An alternative way to increase qE capacity in crop plants would be to reintroduce the LHCSR system, which was presumably lost sometime after the divergence of mosses and higher plants. For this reason, it has limited use in sunscreen. X This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring, of various photoprotective agents, so providers can direct patient therapy in treating indicated disorders as part of the interprofessional team. Katiyar SK, Korman NJ, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model. T Complementar la educación escolar con programas que promocionen la salud como el de la protección adecuada a las radiaciones ultravioletas mediante el uso de filtro solar. In high light, they move toward the anticlinal walls where absorption is reduced (Kasahara et al., 2002) to decrease the amount of excess excitation energy and presumably to minimize the saturation of photosynthesis. [5], Regarding contact dermatitis, the first step is to avoid the causative agent. . Plantas y flores; Dormitorio Ver todo . As a direct result, light may be frequently in excess of that required for CO2 assimilation, thereby necessitating photoprotective responses to avoid severe photoinhibition. If light is excessive and excited chlorophyll is unable to drive photochemistry, then the lifetime of the singlet state is extended, resulting in a higher yield of triplet state formation. La bioingeniería de las plantas de soja para mejorar la regulación de la fotoprotección, un proceso natural que permite a las plantas hacer frente al exceso de energía lumínica absorbida a . (a) La relación entre fluorescencia variable y fluorescencia máxima (Fv/Fm) decreció en plantas expuestas durante 24 hs. The precise details of the two pathways and the complexes involved are still being elucidated, but current knowledge has increased markedly in the last few years. Ort Coordination:   UV filters demonstrated the anti-estrogenic effect of HMS, OD-PABA, and PABA in yeast expressing human estrogen receptor a. Much of our current knowledge about photoprotection comes from studies of mutants and transformants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants in which the level of expression of key genes has been altered with subsequent changes to protein level, resulting in changes to the capacity and the kinetics of some photoprotective processes. OEC, Oxygen-evolving complex; PC, plastocyanin; vio, violaxanthin; zea, zeaxanthin. MBBT is advantageous as it is a large molecule that decreases the likelihood of systemic absorption or endocrine effects. The chloroplast avoidance response decreases internal conductance to CO2 diffusion in, Photoinhibition and recovery in oxygenic photosynthesis: mechanism of a photosystem II damage and repair cycle, The slow reversibility of photosystem II thermal energy dissipation on transfer from high to low light may cause large losses in carbon gain by crop canopies: a theoretical analysis, © 2011 American Society of Plant Biologists, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model), Histone H3K4 methyltransferase DcATX1 promotes ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation, Shade avoidance in the context of climate change, Apple SUMO E3 ligase MdSIZ1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis by SUMOylating transcription factor MdMYB30, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 internalization can occur independent of ligand binding, American Society of Plant Biologists Journals, PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOPROTECTION AND PHOTOINHIBITION, PATHWAYS FOR ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND CARBON METABOLISM, PROSPECTS FOR MANIPULATING PHOTOPROTECTION TO ENHANCE PLANT PRODUCTIVITY, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2023 American Society of Plant Biologists. Horton Zhu Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! Many foundations now include UV filters to provide photoprotection. Vitamin C acts to protect against UV- damage, which results in sunburn and erythema. Cósmicos The mechanism of action behind the reproductive toxicity may be due to alterations in proteins of the gene expression of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, progesterone receptor, insulin-like growth factor I, complement proteins, nuclear receptor co-repressor, and steroid receptor coactivator 1 in the uterus and prostate. Clasificación 6   singlet oxygen, or hydroxyl radical). SP AV Desde hace tiempo se conoce que las hojas de las plantas poseen un mecanismo denominado fotoprotección que les permite disipar como calor el exceso de redacción solar. These can be imposed by the environment, such as water and nutrient deficiency and temperature, or they may be intrinsically enforced by low sink strength or a genetically determined growth rate. Y   T Fotoprotección y plantas medicinales. B Upright cereal leaves theoretically give a higher rate of canopy photosynthesis. Tasaka More severe photoinhibition causes a sustained reduction in ΦCO2, F  v/F  m, and even A  max (Fig. A AR   The main function is the scavenging of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide to prevent damaging reactions in the chloroplast. [3][5], Microfine titanium dioxide protects against UVA 2 (315 to 340 nm) and UVB but does not protect against UVA 1, as does zinc oxide. [11] Although not yet fully understood, photoprotection is an essential function of plants. (, Demmig-Adams Once excess light has been absorbed, it can be dissipated via several routes, including thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy.   Therefore, in response to high-intensity light stress, the production of UVACs and red pigmentation is up-regulated.[10]. Therefore, a diverse suite of mechanisms has developed in photosynthetic organisms to mitigate these potential threats, which become exacerbated under high irradiance, fluctuating light conditions, in adverse environmental conditions such as cold or drought, and while experiencing nutrient deficiencies which cause an imbalance between energetic sinks and sources. A Swiss study of human breast milk revealed that 85% of the sample contained UV filters. Physical sunscreens consist of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. There may be possibilities for enhancing the activity of this cycle during appropriate conditions. The media plays a significantly influential role; however, there is minimal long-term behavioral change. Powered by: Todos los derechos reservados. Morosinotto (see Benzophenone). Chlorophyll enters its singlet excited state, and excitation energy is transferred to PSII and PSI reaction centers where charge separation occurs and photosynthetic electron transport is initiated. El protector solar, bloqueador solar, crema de sol o crema solar es una loción, gel, aerosol u otro tópico que evita o disminuye los efectos causados por la radiación solar.Ningún protector solar ofrece una protección 100 % absoluta. Jahns exposición :10 min SPF is a better predictor of protection against UVB since it is 1000 times more erythemagenic than UVA. Treatment includes topical steroids for local reactions.   [1] La ropa que bloquea o tamiza los rayos solares nocivos (UVA y UVB), junto con sombreros . In the field, it is also important to consider that many plant canopies, especially those in plant communities, are complex three-dimensional systems (unlike Arabidopsis rosettes).   Villegas (, Li alpha-Tocopherol, an inhibitor of epidermal lipid peroxidation, prevents ultraviolet radiation from suppressing the skin immune system. Grossman   lumínica de las plantas de sol sea más alto que las de sombra, y por tanto todas las medidas de fotoprotección estén desplazadas a mayor intensidad. (, DalCorso   This structure allows high-energy UV rays to be absorbed, causing the molecule to achieve an excited state. Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin. Latha MS, Martis J, Shobha V, Sham Shinde R, Bangera S, Krishnankutty B, Bellary S, Varughese S, Rao P, Naveen Kumar BR. An increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma, An increase in experimental studies demonstrating UV filters have adverse endocrine effects. Improvements could arise from improving the rate of repair. UVA filters do not cover the entire spectrum of UVA radiation. However, there is more than one route for deexcitation of singlet chlorophyll: in addition to driving photochemistry, a singlet state chlorophyll molecule energy can return to the ground state by the emission of light (chlorophyll fluorescence) or by the harmless emission of heat (thermal dissipation). Although higher carbon gain at the whole-plant level is the most straightforward explanation, it is possible that an unexpected metabolic shift related to methyl jasmonate signaling could be involved (Frenkel et al., 2009). PABA is a very effective UVB filter; however, it was reportedly the most common photoallergen and contact allergen. Since retail pharmacists are uniquely positioned where sun protection products are sold and can also see if the patient is taking any medications with potential phototoxicity, they can exert a significant influence in this regard. Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight.Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. Cama americana; Colchones; Camas funcionales; Muebles de dormitorio; Ropa de cama; Camas box tarima . [9] Various pigments and compounds can be employed by plants as a form of UV photoprotection as well. The list of adaptive traits is long. R Water-resistant refers to a 40 minute time interval of maintained photoprotection with water immersion and moderate activity. It was previously a concern that regular sunscreen use would result in vitamin D deficiency; however, vitamin D levels are not significantly affected by the regular use of sunscreen. Mutants affecting the PGRL1 protein have a phenotype similar to that of pgr5 (DalCorso et al., 2008), and models have been proposed where the two proteins act as facilitators for cyclic electron flow by physical interaction with PSI, ferredoxin, and the cytochrome b6/f complex. [20], Experimental studies in humans have demonstrated an increased permeability of the UV filters BP-3, 4 MBC, and OMC. así como a Josep Matas y Jordi Matas. They function to scavenge singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. Hunter Adams Para todas las plantas los ensayos se realizaron utilizando un excipiente que contenía sólo un 1% del correspondiente extracto. fotoprotección. Bassi [5][11] Vitamin E has many protective actions, such as decreasing immunosuppression, erythema, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. T Very water-resistant refers to effectiveness for 80 minutes. La nutriprotección consiste en el uso oral de un complemento alimenticio como coadyuvante a la protección solar tópica, permitiendo una mayor protección frente a las radiaciones UV.   [3] However, out of all the sunscreens, oxybenzone has the greatest likelihood of inducing contact or photo contact dermatitis. La menor sensibilidad de la espiga bajo estrés hídrico con respecto a la hoja bandera estuvo asociada a un mayor RWC y ajuste osmótico. Golan Both terms can qualify as sweat-resistant. M 2X1 ISDIN Fotoprotección Dry Touch SPF 50 S/. C The majority of the previous photoinhibition studies have been conducted with PSII, which shows much l by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. TJ   Science Press Package Team 1.2. SG 1). Produtos encontrados: 20 Resultado de la Pesquisa por: productos-fotoproteccion en 14 ms Ordenar por: Selecione Menor precio Maior Preço Mais vendidos Melhores avaliações A - Z Z - A Data de lançamento Melhor Desconto Office: 1-217-244-0881 Sakamoto Chen También mostró mayor biomasa aérea y de raíces, así como área foliar total por planta.   The UV filters of concern include BP-3, 4-MBC, and OMC. [3], Octocrylene is a very safe chemical associated with a decreased likelihood of irritation, phototoxicity, and photoallergic potential. The FDA has defined terminology to label substantivity. • Los factores responsables de la variación de intensidad de los rayos UVs son los siguientes: La ubicación geográfica (zona del ecuador +++) La estación (verano > invierno) La hora del día El clima (las nubes bloquean los rayos... ...1.3.3. To better understand this phenomenon, Waterman et al. V X [El material vegetal de B. antioquesis se colectó en abril de 2019 en el municipio de Yarumal (Llanos de Cuiva), Antioquia-Colombia, coordenadas geográficas 6°49'50.6 "N; 75°29'29.9 "W a 2730 msnm. [Level 5]. When exposed to high light intensity, a plant reacts to mitigate the harmful effects of excess light. [5][17][18], Sunscreen should be applied topically.   This has resulted in the evolution of a remarkable suite of processes within the photosynthetic system to accommodate these fluctuations. EH Whether the fabric is wet or dry may increase or decrease UPF based on the type of fabric. Another component, termed qI, is slower to relax (hours or longer) and has similarities (e.g. Kullavanijaya P, Lim HW. Conceptos Básicos y Medidas 4 A hat with a brim width of more than 7.5 cm has an SPF of 7 for the nose, 5 for the neck, 3 for the cheeks, and 2 for the chin. Pastenes Graphic tiene un mayor sistema radical que Kym, lo que podría mejorar el estatus hídrico.   Este contenido se ha generado de manera automática.   [3] Substantivity is the ability of a sunscreen to withstand adverse conditions such as water and sweat. Due to the existence of electron transport regulators such as these, it would seem feasible to manipulate the photoprotective behavior of plants via the amount of linear versus cyclic electron flow. Ifuku Fotoprotección física o de barrera (ropa, sombreros y gafas de sol) . Another possibility is manipulation of the activity of the XC enzymes themselves. INTRODUCCIÓNEn algunas culturas la piel bronceada se considera como signo de salud, buena forma y juventud, y contribuye a mejorar la imagen social. [3] Some other cyanobacterial strategies may involve state-transitions of the phycobilisome antenna complex[4] A camphor derivative that is also a broad UVA filter is terephthalyidene dicamphor sulfonic acid. In: StatPearls [Internet]. [8], Aminobenzoates are the most potent UVB absorber but do not absorb UVA. Björkman In organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, excess light may lead to photoinhibition, or photoinactivation of the reaction centers, a process that does not necessarily involve chemical damage. This recommendation is due to the lack of infant metabolism development and excretion of the chemically absorbed agents within sunscreen.   One component, termed qE, is turned on and off rapidly (seconds to minutes) and depends on the formation of the ƊpH across the thylakoid membrane (Fig. Mexa) sometidas a estrés hídrico.   [5], Ensulizole is a pure UVB filter and does nothing that affects UVA. [spa] En la presente Tesis se han analizado diferentes casos de estudio acerca del estrés abiótico en plantas, cuyos objetivos fueron: (a) estudiar la vinculación entre daño oxidativo y la fotoinhibición en plantas de soja sometidas a bajas temperaturas; (b) la fotoprotección en plantas de trigo duro sometidas a déficit hídrico (c) el daño oxidativo al aparato fotosintético del trigo blando bajo déficit hídrico (d) la respuesta fotosintética de la espiga y la hoja bandera de trigo duro bajo estrés hídrico post-antesis y (e) los rasgos fisiológicos asociados a un mejor comportamiento agronómico de dos cultivares de cebada en condiciones de déficit hídrico en clima mediterráneo.   (d) La actividad fotosintética de la hoja bandera fue más afectada por el estrés hídrico que en la espiga, tanto en invernadero como en el campo. It is widely known that plants need light to survive, grow and reproduce. Es un pescado azul que vive ... Debe de ingresar primero para poder votar. Hence, overexpression of PsbS would be one obvious approach to enhance photoprotection. P Rai R, Shanmuga SC, Srinivas C. Update on photoprotection. It seems likely that the rate of repair can limit the recovery from this type of photoinhibition and that the maximum rate depends on environmental conditions and on the species under study. Octinaxate is not very photostable and degrades in the presence of sunlight after a short period. The reverse reaction, converting zeaxanthin to violaxanthin, is catalyzed by zeaxanthin epoxidase. (, Müller [5] This metric measures the transmission of UVA and UVB through a given fabric. Sun protection. Por otro lado, la exposición al Sol posee acción terapéutica en diversas enfermedades y es coadyuvante en la formación de vitamina D. No obstante estos beneficios, es necesario una protección frente a la radiación solar, pues tanto a corto como a largo plazo y con... ...     La fotoprotección es una estrategia preventiva y terapéutica fundamental frente al fotoenvejecimiento y el cáncer de piel. Summarize the adverse events associated with various sun-blocking products. BA Los fotoprotectores M A water-soluble salicylate is trolamine salicylate. On the other hand, mutants that lack zeaxanthin epoxidase activity accumulate zeaxanthin constitutively: these plants still require ƊpH to form qE; however, their response during photosynthetic induction is more rapid, as predicted. As described in detail below, photoprotection includes mechanisms that regulate absorption and dissipation of light energy.   S The numbers have increased significantly over the last 20 years within the United States and Europe. valorará la fotoprotección «natural». FtsH proteases are involved in both the primary cleavage and degradation of damaged D1 (Bailey et al., 2002; Kato et al., 2009). Altering the kinetics of formation of zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, without altering overall XC pool size, therefore seems possible via fine-tuning of the activities of the enzymes involved. UVA is capable of penetrating the reticular dermis and is the cause of most photosensitivity reactions. CW [20] Risk factors that can lead to sunscreen allergy are unknown but are more likely to be sex, prior photodermatosis, use of sunscreen on damaged skin, working outdoors, and atopy. CRAI Universitat de Barcelona A research survey completed in 2005 revealed limited awareness of nonmelanoma skin cancer and prevention in the U.S., Australia, and Europe. Holzwarth Roshchupkin DI, Pistsov MY, Potapenko AY.   Male urine and plasma concentration samples were higher than female samples. Fotosíntesis, fotoprotección, productividad y estrés abiótico: algunos casos de estudio: Author: . Effects of drought on yield and photosynthesis, Arabidopsis genotypes with differing levels of psbS expression differ in photosystem ii quantum yield, xanthophyll cycle pool size, and aboveground growth, Non-photochemical quenching: a response to excess light energy, PGR5 is involved in cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and is essential for photoprotection in Arabidopsis, Interactions between senescence and leaf orientation determine in situ patterns of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in field-grown rice, Agriculture and the new challenges for photosynthesis research, Identification of a slowly inducible zeaxanthin-dependent component of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence generated under steady-state conditions in Arabidopsis, A balanced PGR5 level is required for chloroplast development and optimum operation of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I, Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency, Paraheliotropism can protect water-stressed bean (, An ancient light-harvesting protein is critical for the regulation of algal photosynthesis, The cost of photoinhibition to plant communities, Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field, Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I: genetic approaches, Chloroplast photorelocation movement mediated by phototropin family proteins in green plants, The stromal chloroplast Deg7 protease participates in the repair of photosystem II after photoinhibition in Arabidopsis. DR After exposure to UV filters, 3-BC, and 4—MBC, there was a delay in male puberty and reduced prostate weight. Uva radiation is divided into UVA I (340 to 400 nm) and UVA II (320 to 340nm). However, an understanding and fine-tuning of the rate-limiting steps involved are necessary (Yokthongwattana and Melis, 2006). Most work has been carried out on plants grown under constant conditions or in field conditions where environmental monitoring is difficult. *Docente: Sylvana Fischer Sara Aguilar G. Niyogi These extracts were tested using UV–Vis spectrophotometry which uses light from the UV and visible spectrum to create an image depicting light absorbance. Definición 5 Bugos M Schünemann Cumulative effects from repeated exposures to suberythemal doses of UVB and UVA in human skin. This is undesirable because energy transfer from triplet chlorophyll to oxygen generates singlet oxygen, a highly reactive type of ROS. Taurine and ectoine are osmolytes that protect against many UV effects and are components in many sunscreens. These adverse effects include endocrine dysfunction of the reproductive and developmental systems. Las plantas a plena luz del sol disipan el exceso de energía lumínica potencialmente perjudicial que se absorbe en forma de calor a través de un mecanismo denominado apagado no fotoquímico (NPQ). Afkham sólo será el segundo Embajador femenino Irán ha tenido. Padimate O is the most commonly used PABA derivative; it has a good safety profile and is an effective UVB filter. Their use has declined due to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sensitivity. Enfermedades cutáneas (, Tholen However, some flexible photoprotective processes will also unavoidably reduce ΦCO2 and F  v/F  m, resulting in symptoms of moderate photoinhibition (Fig. XP Debe iniciar sesión para participar en los debates. Indeed, overexpression of violaxanthin deepoxidase was shown to increase the initial rate (but not the final extent) of both zeaxanthin synthesis and NPQ induction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Hieber et al., 2002). Photoaging can manifest as sagging and wrinkling, while photocarcinogenesis is due to the damage of cells and DNA. (, Munekage Muller-Moule La piel posee unos mecanismos de adaptación y defensa para protegerse de esta agresión, cuya eficacia es variable según los individuos, y francamente insuficiente . The wild-type plants (able to acclimate) had a higher fitness than the mutants, indicating that the dynamic responses of photosynthesis are indeed important in determining yield (Athanasiou et al., 2010). CN Los resultados podrían hacer posible una estrategia muy necesaria para aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos y apoyar la seguridad alimentaria mundial de forma sostenible. P Photoprotection includes sunscreens, clothing, hats, makeup, sunglasses, and windshields. Heurung AR, Raju SI, Warshaw EM. pgr5 was identified as a low-NPQ mutant in Arabidopsis and was shown to be more susceptible to photoinhibition, although it showed normal growth at low light intensities (Munekage et al., 2002). Miloslavina (Debe ingresar primero para editar la definición.).   . 1.3. PARTICIPANTES: Las alumnos de colegio The reaction sequence involves superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dihydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. Details of this reaction are provided elsewhere (Endo and Asada, 2006; Foyer and Shigeoka, 2011). P If sunscreen is necessary, it should be limited and infrequently used on sun-exposed areas of the body only. E Optimizing the process of photosynthesis is essential for survival when environmental conditions are ideal and acclimation when environmental conditions are severe. Yuen KS, Halliday GM. For example, in Antarctica, native mosses of green color can be found naturally shaded by rocks or other physical barriers while red colored mosses of the same species are likely to be found in wind and sun exposed locations. Note that although a reduction in A  max is often cited as a product of PSII photoinhibition, in fact it may be caused by processes associated with photoinhibitory conditions other than PSII function, e.g. Melis [2] The most common UV filters that cause adverse effects are benzophenones and dibenzoylmethanes, with the most common photoallergen being benzophenone-3 (BP-3), as it is a derivative of PABA. Electrons are passed from either NAD(P)H or ferredoxin to plastoquinone, increasing the ƊpH (Fig. Levels were detectable in the plasma 1 to 2 hours after exposure. The protein translation machinery in chloroplasts that is involved in repair synthesis of D1 is susceptible to photooxidation (Takahashi and Murata, 2008) and is thus a possible target for improvement. P Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. M Ido Zhang Legal notice, Metadata subject to: , photoreduction of water with the Flavodiiron proteins,[5] and futile cycling of CO2[6] De ellos han mostrado eficacia fotoprotectora: Foto protectores Sistémicos 7 Melissa Arredondo Effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Cell: 1-217-417-2991, Copyright © 2023 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). JK Los tipos de piel según el riesgo para quemarse (fototipos) son los siguientes: Fototipos. P La aplicación de Gal redujo el daño oxidativo a proteínas fotosintéticas de plantas estresadas, pero sólo revirtió parcialmente la disminución en la actividad del transporte electrónico.   I Tipos de... Buenas Tareas - Ensayos, trabajos finales y notas de libros premium y gratuitos | BuenasTareas.com. The role of cyclic electron transport is complex. M [3], Salicylates are used in high concentrations as they are weak UVB absorbers. Reparan el ADN en presencia de flavonoides, que actúan como cromóforos UV.   Bajo regla del último ... El "Paquete Semanal" como se lo conoce en Cuba, es un término usado por los cubanos para referirse a la información bajada de Internet fuera de Cuba y guardada en discos duros para ser transportada a Cuba. Vernieri       Hippler 199.90. Perez-Bueno They are also used to increase the effect of other UVB filters. Buenger J, Driller H. Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. (, Zhu [8] Phototoxic and allergic contact dermatitis are usually the results of UVA (320 to 400 nm) and visible light ranges (400 to 800 nm).   J ... Espartano es el nombre en clave dado al nuevo navegador de Microsoft Windows 10 que reemplazará a Microsoft Windows Internet Explorer. FOTOPROTECCIÓN: CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS Y ACTUALIZACIÓN Horton   DSpace Boom These enzymes can become saturated within an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, resulting in a deficiency of antioxidants and damage to proteins and DNA. These include cyclic electron transfer and oxygen as an electron acceptor. Naturally, these ROS become neutralized by antioxidants found naturally within the body, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. J In high light, leaves of some species turn or develop so that they reduce the angle of incidence and increase reflection, thereby reducing the amount of light absorbed (Raven, 1994) and reducing leaf temperature (Pastenes et al., 2004). After light has been absorbed, the first site of photoprotection is within the LHCs themselves. Elevated zeaxanthin bound to oligomeric LHCII enhances the resistance of Arabidopsis to photooxidative stress by a lipid-protective, antioxidant mechanism, Arabidopsis plants lacking PsbS protein possess photoprotective energy dissipation, Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces photodamage in plants, The variegated mutants lacking chloroplastic FtsHs are defective in D1 degradation and accumulate reactive oxygen species, Loss of PSBS reduces vegetative growth reproductive output and light limited but not light saturated photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in temperate environments, The importance of energy balance in improving photosynthetic productivity, Rapid regulation of light harvesting and plant fitness in the field, A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting, Regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting involves intrathylakoid lumen pH sensing by the PsbS protein, PsbS-dependent enhancement of feedback de-excitation protects photosystem II from photoinhibition, Differential adaptation of two varieties of common bean to abiotic stress: I. Topical antioxidants function from within the cell to decrease the shortage of antioxidants and can remain active for several days after application. T El progreso del estrés hídrico fue monitoreado como una . Página principal Ensayos Fotoproteccion. It causes pyrimidine dimer mutations, which are associated with nonmelanoma skin cancers. Kagawa III It has long been known that the D1 protein, which is part of the D1/D2 heterodimer within the reaction center of PSII, is readily inactivated by light (Yokthongwattana and Melis, 2006). Un espécimen fue depositado en el Herbario de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.] - La secreción de sudor conteniendo ácido urocánico (, Pastenes Photoaging can manifest as sagging and wrinkling, while photocarcinogenesis is due to the damage of cells and . [5] Octinoxate is the most commonly used UVB filter in the United States. Bibliografía. Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (E.H.M.   ); Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720–3102 (K.K.N.). P (, Kasahara 1B) that are usually transient. An increased concentration of BP-3 in a mother's urine was associated with decreased birth weight in girls and increased birth weight and head circumference in boys. Por otra parte, no se encontraron evidencias de metabolismo C4 tanto en espigas de plantas bien regadas como bajo estrés hídrico. Oxybenzone is not considered photostable, and although not scientifically proven yet, there is a concern about carcinogenic and endocrine adverse effects. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal. Chloroplasts in low light typically position themselves where they can maximize light interception, toward the periclinal walls perpendicular to the incident light. . B Ma       The FDA has changed its guidelines to address broad-spectrum sunscreen use, which involves UVA and UVB coverage; water resistance, to indicate the time duration the sunscreen is effective; and sun protection factor (SPF). Humans and other animals have also developed photoprotective mechanisms to avoid UV photodamage to the skin, prevent DNA damage, and minimize the downstream effects of oxidative stress. Busca en la tienda online Editorial Berlin las mejores ofertas en God of war | Juntoz Habitación. Light is of course essential for photosynthesis and supports most life on earth. A, A concept diagram describing the principle of photoprotection by distinguishing absorbed light used in photosynthesis from excess light that results in excitation energy that needs to be removed. Sin embargo, aunque este proceso es crucial para proteger el aparato fotosintético de una planta del exceso de sol, los mecanismos de NPQ pueden tardar en relajarse después de las transiciones a la sombra y, durante las frecuentes transiciones sol-sombra que suelen producirse en las copas de los cultivos la eficiencia fotosintética puede reducirse significativamente. Tu dirección de correo electrónico no será publicada. 5. Se presenta en forma de máculas que se van desarrollando progresivamente a lo largo de la vida . [12] The purpose of this extremely efficient photoprotective mechanism is to prevent direct DNA damage and indirect DNA damage.   Covert   AV [3], Adverse effects of sunscreen include four types of contact dermatitis: irritant, allergic, phototoxic, and photoallergic. Patch testing can help identify the etiologic agent. Plants deficient in photoprotection enzymes are much more sensitive to light damage than plants with functioning photoprotection enzymes. A partir de esta investigación previa, y para determinar si el enfoque podría aplicarse a un cultivo alimentario importante, Amanda De Souza y sus colegas diseñaron el mismo cambio en la planta de soja, ampliamente cultivada, el cuarto cultivo de grano más importante y la fuente más importante de proteína vegetal a nivel mundial. PJ An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters. AM [2] Another unique, albeit poorly-understood, cyanobacterial strategy involves the IsiA chlorophyll-binding protein, which can aggregate with carotenoids and form rings around the PSI reaction center complexes to aid in photoprotective energy dissipation. Whitmarsh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Giacometti This process can occur on a timescale of minutes to hours, and the velocity of movement depends on light fluence rate. These findings support the importance of engaging healthcare professionals to increase patient education regarding photoprotection and its role in preventing nonmelanoma skin cancer. They do this via two means: first, the regulation of individual photosynthetic reactions, and second, the prevention of photooxidative damage. It is often assumed that more light is always beneficial; however, excess light can actually be harmful for some species of plants. GN For this reason, the depletion of the ozone layer increases UV transmission. P El sol ejerce, sin lugar a dudas un efecto muy beneficioso para nuestro organismo. M Recent evidence points toward cyclic electron flow having a more significant role in the regulation of plant photosynthesis than previously thought.   The latter route is a major component of photoprotection, termed nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ; Müller et al., 2001; Horton et al., 2008). Moss specimens of species Ceratodon purpureus, Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Schistidium antarctici were collected from an island region in East Antarctica. AR   The exact mechanism is still unknown, although it involves the blue light photoreceptor phototropin and movement along actin filaments (Suetsugu and Wada, 2007).   a 7ºC y 500 mol m-2 s-1 de irradiancia, pero no en hojas sometidas a frío en oscuridad. BC R KK These smaller particles can form complexes with the protein that can behave as haptens, inducing autoimmune conditions.[5][21]. Endo J The ozone layer absorbs 100% of UVC, 90% of UVB, and a minimal amount of UVA. Oxybenzone, titanium oxide and octyl methoxycinnamate are photoprotective agents used in many sunscreens, providing broad-spectrum UV coverage, including UVB and short-wave UVA rays. La aplicación del precursor del ácido ascórbico (Gal), o del análogo del -tocoferol (Trolox) no previene la fotoinhibición por frío. For melanin this mechanism has developed later in the course of evolution. [8], An estimated 1 million new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer occur every year. Gamma KK M      AM ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. Fotoprotección Vía Oral. [8] In Germany, a 15-year study of patch and photo patch testing demonstrated that the most common reaction to sunscreen is a nonimmune-based irritant response. La jerarquización en las medidas de protección constituye el pilar de la fotoeducación: sombra corta (horarios), sombra portátil (sombrero, ropa, sombrillas), protectores. In addition, plants have efficient antioxidant systems for the removal of ROS (see Foyer and Shigeoka, 2011; this issue). There are also reports that they degrade the UV filter octinoxate. The ultrafast internal conversion of DNA reduces the excited state lifetime of DNA to only a few femtoseconds (10−15s)—this way the excited DNA does not have enough time to react with other molecules. Miura (, Lizana PCC 7002", "Flavodiiron proteins Flv1 and Flv3 enable cyanobacterial growth and photosynthesis under fluctuating light", "Sensing the light environment in plants: photoreceptors and early signaling steps", "Photoprotection enhanced by red cell wall pigments in three East Antarctic mosses", "Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review", Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus), Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photoprotection&oldid=1107361706, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, (MA), Menthyl-2-aminobenzoate, meradimate, (2-EHMC), (EHMC), EMC, Octyl methoxycinnamate, OMC, Eusolex 2292, Parsol, This page was last edited on 29 August 2022, at 16:15. 1.1. Kiss Humans and other animals have also developed photoprotective mechanisms to avoid UV photodamage . [19], An American study revealed that UV filters are the most common cause of positive photo patch testing. KK Últimamente, el interés en el uso de productos vegetales naturales ha crecido, incluidos los polifenoles. Photoprotection of the human skin is achieved by extremely efficient internal conversion of DNA, proteins and melanin. First, it is capable of adjusting the ATP/NADPH production ratio in the chloroplast to meet the demands of the Calvin-Benson cycle. C This involves changes in amounts of soluble enzymes of photosynthesis, electron transport components, and pigment-protein complexes and has a number of effects, one of which is to match the amount of available light with the plant’s capacity to absorb it and use it for carbohydrate synthesis. Instead these substances have a very long excited state lifetime. [2]  Some studies have associated sunscreen use with melanoma due to the users' false sense of security, which may increase the duration in the sun, resulting in UVA formation and malignant changes.     Photoprotection includes sunscreens, clothing, hats, makeup, sunglasses, and windshields. UVB filters absorb the entire spectrum of UVB radiation (290 to 320 nm). The windshield of the vehicle is more photoprotective than the side window glass of the automobile. For this reason, benzophenone 3 is not used frequently in the United States. Photoaging can manifest as sagging and wrinkling, while photocarcinogenesis is due to the damage of cells and DNA. Shikanai Pesaresi Fotoprotección . W Agren The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. R XP Lercari Thompson R D This is known to be an important attribute of crop physiology. O Broad-spectrum sunscreens absorb UV radiation from both the UVA and UVB portions. A liberal uniform film of sunscreen should be applied, and the application should be 15 minutes before sun exposure. Their mechanism of action is based on their chemical structure involving an aromatic compound conjugated with a carbonyl group. 4. Foto protectores Tópicos... ...EDUCATIVO QF.Sylvia Baeza Arellano P.M La Roche Posay L’Oreal Chile Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products. [7], Photoprotection involves both primary and secondary protective factors. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Fu [5] UV radiation has an immunosuppressive effect on the antigen-presenting cells within the epidermis and contributes to the likelihood of skin cancer. CP24, CP26, and CP29 refer to the minor LHC. . Busch Regulation is inherent in processes such as NPQ, one function of which is to prevent overreduction of the electron transport chain over short periods and light transients.   (, Li En las uñas, las melanoniquias longitudinales múltiples son muy . B AS Shih   447-52. Tiene un nuevo motor de renderizado que se construyó en compatibilidad con el tipo de escritura de webs de hoy en día. P Caffarri HELIOCARE es pionero y referente en la fotoprotección desde el interior, un nuevo concepto de protección que multiplica la resistencia de tu piel al sol (1). Corresponding author; e-mail erik.murchie@nottingham.ac.uk. This work has resulted in advances in understanding the mechanisms and the physiology of these processes.   In mice, it has been shown to reduce the amount of UVB-induced tumors. Secondary factors include antioxidants, osmolytes, and DNA repair enzymes, which help to limit skin damage by disturbing the photochemical cascade that occurs with UV sunlight. (, Kato Aseeva slong@illinois.edu [10][5], Many sunscreens include antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, silymarin, and green tea polyphenols. LUGAR: Colegio Espectro electromagnético 2 UVC (200 - 290 nm) Tiene poder germicida y eritematógeno, provoca descamación eliminando las capas protectoras ya melanizadas. Although PsbS is a member of the LHC protein family, it does not appear to bind pigments and instead functions as a sensor of lumen pH that is necessary for the rapid induction and relaxation of qE (Li et al., 2004). Raven (1994) pointed out that most of the evidence is present for the whole-plant level but not the plant-community level, and substantial progress in this area has yet to be made. Search for other works by this author on: Dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis increases plant fitness in changing environments, A critical role for the Var2 FtsH homologue of, A complex containing PGRL1 and PGR5 is involved in the switch between linear and cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis, Overexpression of beta-carotene hydroxylase enhances stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants : a role for the carotenoid zeaxanthin, Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation, Photosystem I and photoprotection: cyclic electron flow and water-water cycle, Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation and Environment, Understanding oxidative stress and antioxidant functions to enhance photosynthesis, Improper excess light energy dissipation in Arabidopsis results in a metabolic reprogramming, Overexpression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase: properties of C-terminal deletions on activity and pH-dependent lipid binding, Prospects for crop improvement through the genetic manipulation of photosynthesis: morphological and biochemical aspects of light capture.
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