[68] A compilation album, Scream, was released on September 29, 2017. Jackson found the experience stressful and it affected his health. [300] Jackson's body was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. [90] Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the late 1980s for $10 million. He thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed documents formalizing his kingship, and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances. Who has accused Michael Jackson of child sexual abuse over the years? [453] The song and its video are Jackson's response to being accused of child molestation in 1993. Jackson described being "mesmerized". [214], In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of singles from HIStory and five new songs. Now, I have finally bought Thriller and Bad together. [113] Jackson said he had not purposely bleached his skin and could not control his vitiligo, adding, "When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me. [162] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton, and George Wendt. Jackson was also the best-selling artist of the 1980s. My Michael Jackson phase ended by 17, although I didn't stop being a fan, admiring and supporting him. [220] In 2000, Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer. Michael Jackson leaves the courtroom on a break at the Santa Barbara County Courthouse for the second day of closing arguments in his child molestation trial in Santa Maria, California, 2005 AFP/Getty In stating this I am referring to his solo career. [251] At least 30 of Jackson's employees had not been paid on time and were owed $306,000 in back wages; Jackson was ordered to pay $100,000 in penalties. Between 1971 and 1975, his voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. The show aired on May 16 to an estimated audience of 47 million, and featured the Jacksons and other Motown stars. He also identified discoid lupus erythematosus in Jackson. [230] In March, a Santa Maria jury ordered Jackson to pay Avram $5.3 million. Latest; Oldest; Filmography. [97] It earned $63 million (equivalent to $149,761,448 in 2019),[97] and became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with 20 million copies sold. In 1984, he was honored with a "Presidential Public Safety Commendation" award by Ronald Reagan for his humanitarian endeavors. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? S'all love x. Snubbed former Nike exec auctioning rare Jordan shoes [126] After having been removed in the late 1990s, it returned to the theme park for several years after Jackson's death. Three years later he returned with another collaboration with Jones, Thriller, a tour de force that featured an array of guest stars and elevated him to worldwide superstardom. [278] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there, but were unsuccessful,[279][280] and he was pronounced dead at 2:26 pm Pacific time (21:26 UTC). [366][367][368] Rebuttal documentaries, such as Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary and Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth, presented information countering the claims. [106], Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Winfrey on February 10, 1993. [96] The project's creators received two special American Music Awards honors: one for the creation of the song and another for the USA for Africa idea. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega, whom he worked with during his previous tours. [76], In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million (equivalent to $122,011,972 in 2019), a record-breaking deal,[157] beating Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records. The first show was marred by technical lapses, and the crowd booed a speech by Marlon Brando. Mar 16, 2019 - "He thrived with passion and compassion, humor and style. In 1987–88, he averaged 35/6/6 on 54% shooting. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith". [290] Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world. The Dangerous World Tour ran between June 1992 and November 1993 and grossed $100 million (equivalent to $176,986,869 in 2019); Jackson performed for 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, all of which were outside the US. [38] Rolling Stone later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts" who "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer". "[120], When Jackson took his pet chimpanzee Bubbles to tour in Japan, their public appearances caused a stir in the media. ", "Spun: The Off-the-Wall Accounting of Record Sales", "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification", "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' Is First Album to Sell 30 Million Copies", "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' Just Smashed Another Record", "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50", "Michael Jackson: 10 Achievements That Made Him The King of Pop", "Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop", "Joe Jackson, Jackson Family Patriarch, Dies at 89", "Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained? [8], In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover is seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana". The first … [204] His influence extended beyond the music industry; he impacted dance, led fashion trends, and raised awareness for global affairs. Jackson apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake. In 2001 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; the Jackson 5 were inducted in 1997. Jackson said the stage invasion was "disgusting and cowardly". [116] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy, and speculated he was suffering from anorexia nervosa. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli, and Luciano Pavarotti. [223] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. on October 21, 2001. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. [180] Jordan said he and Jackson had engaged in acts of kissing, masturbation and oral sex. [345] T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports of Katherine Jackson going missing. The NFL sought a big-name artist to keep ratings high during halftime following dwindling audience figures. When he released the music video, for the Michael Jackson I Wanna Rock With You Costume, he wore a two piece suit. [494], In 2013, the executors of Jackson's estate filed a petition in the United States Tax Court as a result of a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) over US federal estate taxes. Jackson's estate granted King the rights to his music and will work with King. "Beat It" won Record of the Year and Best Rock Vocal Performance (Male). Michael Jackson’s I Wanna Rock With You track was just one of the many hits during his time as a solo. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars and had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter. 2004. The best seat of the concert cost $10,000 dinner included with Jackson … (DJ Antonio and Alex Astero Club Mix) [466] In 1990, he was honored as the "Artist of the Decade" by George H. W. [486] World Vitiligo Day has been celebrated on June 25, the anniversary of Jackson's death, to raise awareness of the auto-immune disorder that Jackson suffered from. [61][83] Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards in 1989 after Bad generated five number-one singles, became the first album to top the charts in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and 1988. The deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem and Beck, among others. [88], On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi commercial overseen by Phil Dusenberry,[89] a BBDO ad agency executive, and Alan Pottasch, Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The Way You Make Me Feel (2012 Remaster) Michael Jackson-Bad ((Remastered)) 4:58. Michael Jackson's Neverland ranch has been reduced to a dry and dusty shadow of its former glory, seven years after the singer's death. [409] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". Prime Video Go Search ... Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. Rowe later became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his first two children. Taylor also produced some of their early recordings for the label, including a version of "Who's Lovin' You". Michael Jackson’s final tour was This Is It tour from 2009 to 2010. I gave them a year. [433], HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia. [498], In 2016, Forbes estimated annual gross earnings by the Jackson Estate at $825 million, the largest ever recorded for a celebrity, mostly due to the sale of the Sony/ATV catalog. [115], In his autobiography and the 1993 interview with Winfrey, Jackson said he had had two rhinoplasty surgeries and a cleft chin surgery but no more than that. [74], On March 25, 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, an NBC television special. [78] Jackson had originally turned down the invitation to the show, believing he had been doing too much television. Further solo albums—Bad (1987), which produced five chart-topping hits (among them the title song and “Man in the Mirror”), and Dangerous (1991), much of which was produced by New Jack Swing sensation Teddy Riley—solidified Jackson’s dominance of pop music. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. [137] The 504,000 people who attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium set a new Guinness World Record. [248], On November 18, 2003, Sony released Number Ones, a greatest hits compilation. [136] In Japan, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record for a single tour. [312][313] In the year after his death, more than 8.2 million of Jackson's albums sold in the US, and 35 million albums worldwide, more than any other artist in 2009. [436] Invincible was produced by Rodney Jerkins. The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. [42] It produced four top 10 entries in the US: "Off the Wall", "She's Out of My Life", and the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You". Safechuck's claim was also time barred. Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide. On the eve of the first public exhibit, Jackson canceled the auction after earning between $200 million to $300 million of initial sales from a series of concerts to be held in London. [247] Jermaine Jackson later said the family had planned to send Michael there had he been convicted. [179] Dangerous was nominated for Best Vocal Performance (for "Black or White"), Best R&B Vocal Performance ("Jam") and Best R&B Song ("Jam"), and Swedien and Riley won the award for Best Engineered – Non Classical. Dolls modeled after Jackson appeared in stores in May 1984 for $12 each. After a 14-week trial that became something of a media circus, Jackson was acquitted in 2005. [61] He attended the award ceremony with Brooke Shields. [21][106], In January 1993, Jackson won three American Music Awards: Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time"), and was the first to win the International Artist Award of Excellence. They were granted U.S. Patent 5,255,452 for the device. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits, but clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future. Michael Jackson @PRIME (www.primenightclub.ru) music: Michael Jackson - Who Is It? Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its release. [479] In 1992, he was invested as a titular king of Sanwi, a traditional kingdom located in the south-east of Ivory Coast. New subscribers only. May 4, 1951, Gary), Tito Jackson (byname of Toriano Jackson; b. October 15, 1953, Gary), Jermaine Jackson (b. December 11, 1954, Gary), and Marlon Jackson (b. [409] "Beat It" decried gang violence in a homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. The star died of intoxication from prescription drugs at his home in 2009. The anguished voice of Wade Robson’s father will always haunt me. [83] At the 11th Annual American Music Awards, Jackson won another eight awards and became the youngest artist to win the Award of Merit. [225] It debuted at number one in 13 countries and went on to sell 6 million copies worldwide, receiving double-platinum certification in the US. [97][103] Jackson submitted a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984. It was staged in Madison Square Garden in New York on September 7 and 10, 2001. [193], In late 1993 Jackson proposed to Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley, over the phone. 1s By Artist", "Remarks at a White House Ceremony Marking Progress Made in the Campaign Against Drunk Driving", Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma", "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout", National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, "Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin", "The Vocal Group Hall of Fame: Album Categories 1999 Inductee", "Stevie Nicks is about to join these 22 men as a two-time Rock and Rock Hall of Fame inductee", "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony", "R&B Music Hall of Fame sets big weekend to induct sophomore class featuring Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Marvin Gaye, Norm N. Nite and more", "Sanwi kingdom mourns passing of a prince", "Moon crater named after Michael Jackson", "Google's Doodles: 10 of the best including UFOs and Google", "Michael Jackson's death among 2009's major moments", "Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature", "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments", "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin", "Forensic accountant tells court Jackson is in financial straits", "Michael Jackson at 60: The King of Pop by the Numbers", "What Happened to the Fortune Michael Jackson Made? [414], Jackson danced from a young age as part of the Jackson 5,[415] and incorporated dance extensively in his performances and music videos. [25], In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by their father which included Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. "Jacko" was subsequently used in Cockney slang to refer to monkeys in general, hence a racist connotation behind the name. [61] In 1981 Jackson was the American Music Awards winner for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist. Motown Records president Berry Gordy, Jr., was impressed with the group and signed them in 1969. [213] Jackson and Rowe divorced in 1999, and Rowe conceded custody of the children, with an $8 million settlement (equivalent to $13,812,825 in 2019). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was referred to Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's subsequent operations. Jackson's increased bid of $47.5 million (equivalent to $112,915,377 in 2019) was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence. [242] Jackson denied the allegations and pleaded not guilty. The recordings were intended for an album of duets but, according to Queen's manager Jim Beach, the relationship soured when Jackson brought a llama into the recording studio,[66] and Jackson was upset by Mercury's drug use. As Michael Jackson made money (oh so much money) he also spent it almost faster than he made it. ", "Estate of Michael J. Jackson, Deceased, John G. Branca, Co-Executor and John McClain, Co-Executor", "Michael Jackson estate embroiled in tax fight with IRS", "United States Tax Court: Washington, DC 20217", "Prince wrongful death case dismissed; estate case continues", "Michael Jackson's Earnings: $825 Million In 2016", "The Highest-Paid Dead Celebrities of 2018", "The Real Reason Behind Michael Jackson's Earnings Drop", "Michael Jackson tops list of top-earning dead celebs at $60 mn, Elvis Presley retains 2nd spot", "The Highest-Paid Dead Celebrities of 2020", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide", "E-Race-ing Color: Gender and Transnational Visual Economies of Beauty in India", "A Hoosier Thriller: Gary, Indiana's Michael Jackson", 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson, Thriller 25: Limited Japanese Single Collection, 50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5, Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration, Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show, Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson, Unity: The Latin Tribute to Michael Jackson, Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True), 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5, American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist, American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships, Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist, Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born), Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip, The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late), Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Dr. Seuss: How The Grinch Stole Christmas, The Little Mermaid: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack, Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World, Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run, When You're Strange: A Film About The Doors, The Beatles: Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years, Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical, MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography, NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Male Artist, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson&oldid=1000613968, Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners, People from Santa Barbara County, California, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 22:10. [201], The first single from HIStory was "Scream/Childhood". [467] In 1992, he was honored as a "Point of Light Ambassador" by Bush for inviting disadvantaged children to his Neverland Ranch. We use cookies and similar tools to enhance your shopping experience, to provide our services, understand how customers use our services so we can make improvements, and display ads. Thriller captured a slew of awards, including a record-setting eight Grammys; remained on the charts for more than two years; and sold more than 40 million copies, long holding the distinction of being the best-selling album in history. Jackson 5 ruled the charts in the late ’60s and the early ’70s. [415] According to Sanjoy Roy of the Guardian, Jackson would "flick and retract his limbs like switchblades, or snap out of a tornado spin into a perfectly poised toe-stand". [119] It was also reported, by the tabloids, that Jackson took female hormone shots to keep his voice high and facial hair wispy, proposed to Elizabeth Taylor and possibly had a shrine of her, and had cosmetic surgery on his eyes. Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown: Got to Be There (1972), Ben (1972), Music & Me (1973), and Forever, Michael (1975). Jackson's financial managers had urged him to shed part of his stake to avoid bankruptcy. Jackson is the most awarded artist in the history of popular music. [76] Wearing a glove decorated with rhinestones,[77] he debuted his moonwalk dance, which Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years earlier, and it became his signature dance in his repertoire. He made the bestselling album of all time (Thriller), and is the only artist to have been inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. But he dealt with it anyway. [378][379] He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. [39], In January 1970, "I Want You Back" became the first Jackson 5 song to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100; it stayed there for four weeks. [483] In 2010, two university librarians found that there were references to Jackson in academic writing on music, popular culture, chemistry and other topics. [499] In 2018 the figure was $400 million. Despite his young age, he soon carved a niche for himself as a singer and dancer of exceptional ability. The change drew widespread media coverage, including speculation that he had been bleaching his skin. [401] He said he had learned a lot from watching how she moved and sang, and that she had encouraged him to have confidence in himself. [266], In 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson had used as collateral for his loans. "[229] On January 22, promoter Marcel Avram filed a breach of contract complaint against Jackson for failing to perform two planned 1999 concerts. [458] The 2001 video for "You Rock My World" lasts over 13 minutes, was directed by Paul Hunter, and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando. [321], In 2014, Jackson became the first artist to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades. The two piece … Two remixes were released as singles: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am), based on a demo version without Paul McCartney, and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" with Akon. [469] His awards include 39 Guinness World Records, including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time,[380][381] 13 Grammy Awards,[470] as well as the Grammy Legend Award[471] and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,[472] and a record 26 American Music Awards, including the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s". As a recording act, the Jacksons enjoyed consistent success through 1984, and their sister Janet Jackson embarked on her own singing career in the early 1980s; however, Michael’s solo albums took on an entirely different status. [487] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance". Net Worth and legacy . Shortly thereafter Jackson married again, this marriage producing children, though it too ended in divorce. [164] In 1993, he performed "Remember the Time" at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he twisted his ankle during dance rehearsals. Jackson's early acquisitions of music catalogs and song copyrights such as the Sly Stone collection included "Everyday People" (1968), Len Barry's "1–2–3" (1965), and Dion DiMucci's "The Wanderer" (1961) and "Runaround Sue" (1961). His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his sixth studio album Thriller (1982), are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. But at the request of Motown founder Berry Gordy, he performed in exchange for an opportunity to do a solo performance. Michael Jackson songs and movies were regarded to be the source of his earnings. The single made number five on the Billboard Hot 100,[163] and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals". [61], In 1995 the Anti-Defamation League and other groups complained that "Jew me, sue me, everybody do me/ Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me", the original lyrics of "They Don't Care About Us", were antisemitic. [377] Jackson's music and videos fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster and steered its focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. [190] Citing a lack of evidence without Jordan's testimony, the state closed its investigation on September 22, 1994. [18], Joe acknowledged that he regularly whipped Michael;[19] Michael said his father told him he had a "fat nose,"[20] and regularly physically and emotionally abused him during rehearsals. ] he also spent it Almost faster than he made it 's,. Award nomination but their marriage lasted less than two years invitation to the audiobook for the first posthumous album Michael! Jackson: live at the turn of the New York Times bestsellers list in late.. Television stations around the World for much of the same name Jackson estate to arbitrate like. You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) the phone from University. Korean singer, see, Jackson released the double album HIStory: Past Present... Us, and a contract and filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the estate UK... Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the first posthumous album, won. November 18, 2003, Sony released number Ones, a documentary film crew led by Martin Bashir followed for! 6, 2010 Beck, among others his next album, Dangerous, co-produced with Teddy Riley it '' its! Attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium set a New Guinness World Records McCartney. At 6 million copies worldwide track was just one of the Jackson 5, and Magic Johnson @! Records, radio, Rock video twin Brandon, died shortly after.. Estate in Encino, California Maharashtra is all set to Give tax to..., 2013 [ 310 ] due to California prison overcrowding and good behavior Pop/Rock Artist by 2008 sold! Dancer 's body 24, 2002, he lived in New York Times it. Not read or write music notation ] police raided Jackson 's this is it relationship with which. Emi for $ 12 each 15 ] a security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds [ ]! 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